|
1931 II 872 |
8937 |
|
|
R-M, R-MAX-f |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M1-M2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1152. Label says |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
Y |
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 875 |
8938 |
|
|
R-I |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
-- |
Lower incisor i2? Reck Field No.: VIII 350. Not Alcelaphini. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Antilopinae |
Antilopini |
|
|
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 876 |
8939 |
|
|
R-I |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
-- |
Lower incisor i3? Reck Field No.: VIII 350. Not Alcelaphini. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Antilopinae |
Antilopini |
|
|
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 880 |
8940 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M3. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: IX 335. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 883 |
8943 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M1 or M2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: IV 20. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 889 |
8947 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M3. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: E 780. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 894 |
8949 |
|
|
R-M-f |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M1 or M2 frag. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1159. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 895 |
8950 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:56. |
Upper M1. Label/publication taxon ID: Alcelaphus kattwinkeli. Reck Field No.: E 136. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
|
|
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1058 |
8954 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
-- |
Lower m2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: VI 1603. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1061 |
8957 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
-- |
Lower m1 or m2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: VI 1603. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1066 |
8962 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
-- |
Upper M3. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: VI 1603. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1068 |
8964 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
-- |
Lower m3. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: VI 1603. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1073 |
8969 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Lower m3. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1074 |
8970 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Lower m3. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1077 |
8973 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Lower m1 or m2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1080 |
8976 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Lower m2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1081 |
8977 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M1 or M2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1084 |
8980 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Lower m1. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1085 |
8981 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M3. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1090 |
8983 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Lower m1 or m2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XVI 1185. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1109 |
8995 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M1. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: XI 1603. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1118 |
8996 |
|
|
R-M |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Lower m1 or m2. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: VI 855. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 1119 |
8997 |
|
|
R-M-f |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:61. |
Upper M1 or M2 frag. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: VI 855. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 937 |
9009 |
|
|
R-TIB-f |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:63. |
Distal. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: IV 244. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
1931 II 948 |
9010 |
|
|
R-TIB-f |
1913 |
116 - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG), Munich, Germany |
|
|
|
Black E. 1937. Fossil Antelopes of Olduvai. Scientific results of the Olduvai Expedition 1913:63. |
Distal. Label/publication taxon ID: Gorgon taurinus semiticus. Reck Field No.: VI 628. |
|
|
273 - Reck expedition |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Megalotragus |
kattwinkeli |
|
Inventoried by Faysal Bibi in 2012. |
No |
|
OH 82 |
13063 |
|
|
R-ULNA |
|
|
III |
|
|
Hlusko, L. J., Reiner, W. B., & Njau, J. K. (2015). A one‐million‐year‐old hominid distal ulna from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. American journal of physical anthropology, 158(1), 36-42. |
right distal ulna |
|
|
292 - Proyecto Olduvai |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Primates |
Anthropoidea |
Haplorhini |
Hominoidea |
Hominidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
|
OH 80 |
3796 |
10 - BK |
|
R/L-P
, L-M
, R/L-I
, L-HUM-f
, R-RAD-f
, R-FEM-f
, TIB-f |
2009 |
122 - National Museum and House of Culture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |
II |
4 |
Upper |
Domínguez-Rodrigo M, et al. 2013. First Partial Skeleton of a 1.34-Million-Year-Old Paranthropus boisei from Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 8(12): e80347. |
Distal portion of a left humerus diaphysis. Partial right radius with head, proximal metaphysis and partial diaphysis. Right partial femur, diaphysis in three refitting pieces. Tibia midshaft fragment assigned to OH 80 based on close "spatial association, comparable anatomical ruggedness and similar state of preservation to the other OH 80 postcranial fossils" (Dominiguez-Rodrigo et al., 2013). |
|
|
292 - Proyecto Olduvai |
Yes |
|
Mammalia |
Primates |
Anthropoidea |
Haplorhini |
Hominoidea |
Hominidae |
Homininae |
Hominini |
Australopithecus |
boisei |
|
Anatomically modern |
No |
|
OH 81 |
4021 |
19 - SHK |
|
R-PAR-f |
|
122 - National Museum and House of Culture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |
II |
Upper |
Lower portion. In overlying clay tuff. |
Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., Pickering, T.R., Diez-Martinm, F. et al. (2012) Earliest Porotic Hyperostosis on a 1.5-Million-Year-Old Hominin, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. PLoS ONE 7(10): e46414. doi:10.1371/jou |
|
|
2012/6/29 |
292 - Proyecto Olduvai |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Primates |
Anthropoidea |
Haplorhini |
Hominoidea |
Hominidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 103887 |
12567 |
|
|
R-M |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
IV |
|
|
-- |
OLD-362; right upper M1 or M2 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Suiformes |
|
Suoidea |
Suidae |
|
Tragelaphini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 104005 |
12617 |
|
|
R-M |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
I |
|
|
-- |
OLD-442; right upper M3 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 103881 |
12621 |
10 - BK |
|
R-MAN, P, M (2) |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
IV |
|
|
-- |
OLD-446; R-MAN with P4, M2, and M3; "OLD Y BK IV 13/5/35 and 14/5/35" |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
cf. Syncerus |
Unknown |
|
M 103898 |
12625 |
|
|
R-MAN, M (2) |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
IV |
|
|
-- |
OLD-450; lower right mandible with M2 and M3 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 103902 |
12629 |
|
|
R-M-f |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
IV |
|
|
-- |
OLD-454; lower right molar-f |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 103900 |
12633 |
|
|
R-M |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
IV |
|
|
-- |
OLD-458; right upper M1 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 103914 |
12823 |
|
|
R-P |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
I |
|
|
-- |
OLD-706; lower right P4 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
cf. Syncerus |
Unknown |
|
M 103906 |
12835 |
|
|
R-P |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
|
|
|
-- |
OLD-720; lower right P4 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 104007 |
12837 |
|
|
R-MAN-f, M (2) |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
I |
|
|
-- |
OLD-723; R-MAN-f with M1 and M2 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 103905 |
12860 |
|
|
R-M |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
IV |
|
|
-- |
OLD-752; right upper M1 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
|
No |
|
M 103968 |
12862 |
|
|
HOR-f |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
II |
|
|
-- |
OLD-755; Could be part of paratype M 14553 (AWG 1978) |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Alcelaphinae |
Alcelaphini |
Parmularius |
angusticornis |
|
|
No |
|
M 103915 |
12871 |
|
|
R-M |
1931 |
114 - Natural History Museum UK |
I |
|
|
-- |
OLD-766; right upper M1 or M2 |
|
|
310 - Hopwood |
Unknown |
|
Mammalia |
Artiodactyla |
Ruminantia |
|
Bovoidea |
Bovidae |
Bovinae |
Bovini |
|
|
|
cf. Syncerus |
Unknown |